smallest circuit from IBM wich is trillionth of a square inch

Last week (October 24, 2002), IBM scientists announced that they've developed the smallest-ever logic circuit. The entire circuit covers less than a trillionth of a square inch. The equivalent circuit made from state-of-the-art silicon transistors takes up 260,000 times as much space. Although "logic circuits" can only complete simple calculation sorts of functions, the fact that these scientists used carbon monoxide compared to the traditional, larger-sized silicon molecules is a tangible leap into the nanotechnology edge for computer advancement.

IBM's recent announcement will be recorded as one more block in computing technology's trail - from strides in mechanical to electronic innovations. Circuits can be as simple as a working flashlight or as complex as your computer. But unlike a flashlight, a computer's integrated circuits - referred to as "chips" - move, store and process information as well as electricity. The most complex chips are called microprocessors, and they typically consist of silicon transistor circuits that basically function as on/off switches. If scientists and engineers can make smaller transistors, then they can make digital devices - like computers and hand-helds - smaller and more efficient.

Chip size regulates the size of digital devicesTo get a glimpse of how our wired (and wireless) society might live in the future, you'll need to understand how computers work and how historical innovations have shaped our modern world. So in this week's lesson you'll visit a cool website that takes you inside a computer, then you'll step into a history portal to meet some of the people who contributed to computing technology's development.
The Journey Inside

Intel was the first chip company to develop a microprocessor in 1971. More recently, they've created a great website that explains how computers do what they do. If you have Flash Player 4 or later installed on your system, click to The Journey Inside site to get started. (For a comparable HTML version, jump down this page for navigation through the Intel Museum Exhibits site.)

The Journey Inside entry pageFrom The Journey Inside, begin at the Introduction to Computers section and read through How to Navigate This Site, and look for the "go to activity" icons while you're at this website to find some interactive games. Move through the pages beginning at 01 - the History of Computers, and ending on page 07 - Which is Smarter - Human Brain or Computer? In reviewing this series, you'll learn how to identify the The Four Components of a Computer (input, storage, processing and output) and How Computers Process Information.

How is a computer similar and different from a toaster? How do the four components work together? How do you use these components on your computer, hand-held calculator, cell phone, or other devices? Would a faster computer affect how you use each of them?

A transistor gets placed in a microprocessing chipNext, check out the Circuits and Switches section. Here you'll learn how electricity works and how people harness its properties for daily uses. What is the difference between materials that resist and those that conduct electricity? What does this have to do with a working circuit?

Your next stop is Digital Information. This section is especially important for understanding how computers transfer and process information, since it answers the question, What is Binary Code? As you'll learn, binary code represents an on/off switch, similar to how circuits work in general. Things get more complex when an entire language is based on this system, meaning that a specific series of zeroes and ones can represent a letter, for example. What is ASCII? Can you explain how computers translate binary code into pictures you can see on your screen?

Now that you understand how information is transmitted, learn how it gets processed by reading the Microprocessors section. When you use your computer for various tasks, can you identify what your computer fetches, decodes and executes to fulfill your command? How are microprocessing chips made? How does the use of chemistry and electricity fit into the picture?

How a microprocessor transfers input dataFor a more detailed study of these concepts, or if you aren't using Flash, check out the Intel Museum Exhibits. This site is especially cool, because you can click on any underlined words to open a pop-up definition from the Technical Glossary.

Read through the different sections, How Transistors Work, How Chips Are Made, How Microprocessors Work, and Memory Technology. Review the questions for The Journey Inside exploratory above, and think about these additional questions as you move through the museum exhibits: Can you spell your own name in binary notation? What are p and n-types of silicon? How could IBM's carbon monoxide breakthrough replace these silicon-based uses?
The Computer Age Grows Up

A room-sized computer in 1946Sometimes it's hard to imagine, but electronic computers were first created just after World War II - that's nearly 60 years ago! But while we're used to our portable package of silicon chips on the desktop, the Computer Age spent its childhood as room-sized computers composed of huge vacuum tubes.

Travel back in history to the Computer History Museum's Timeline and see how computing technology got started and evolved over the years. You can begin your journey at either end of the timeline - 1945 or 1990 - and work your way to the other end. Doing this will show you each year's historic events under several topics. Alternatively, you can explore the history of each topic - Computers, People & Pop Culture, Software and Languages, Components, Robots and AI ("Artificial Intelligence"), Networks, and Companies.

What specific innovations did you find most interesting? Can you make any connections between those events and some use of modern technology? How were the scientists that contributed to these new inventions and ideas different from or similar to the ones who announced the carbon monoxide transistor? What kinds of interests do you think these scientists have that drives them to study, experiment and develop new computer technologies?
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adding java script to your web

Did you ask yourself why in blogspot posts some javascript code works but in some cases don't. In this article you will find answer.

In HTML\Jscript gadgets jscript code work well. But this is not a case in posts.

For example I added this code to my blogspot post and it didn't working.

Test


I couldn't understand why this code doesn't working in blogspot post but in my HTML editor work.
Later I found that this jscript code works well in blogspot post:

Test


Conclusion is that if you put jscript code inside quote code will work. But I was not satisfied with this because I wanted to use jscript function and reuse function code (for example function showMessage() called from multiple places in post). And I didn't find answer how to put jscript function in quote.

Somewhere I founded tip to make jscript file with jscript code and put this file on the web. After that call jscript function addressing that file.

It shold look something like this:



I think that this method have too many steps and that is too complicated (you must upload you jscript file somewhere on the web and later call this file from your blogspot post).

After rejecting this method, I take look at my blog source (View source):



There is a problem. In new line. Every time you have new line blogger editor add
tag. Because of this
tag web browser can't execute jscript.

So correct solution for my problem should look like this:

Test


To work well javascript in blogger post should be in one line.
to learn jscript:- 

Mesh Networks

A key component of the ZigBee protocol is the ability to support mesh networking. In a mesh network, nodes are interconnected with other nodes so that multiple pathways connect each node. Connections between nodes are dynamically updated and optimized through sophisticated, built-in mesh routing table.

Mesh networks are decentralized in nature; each node is capable of self-discovery on the network. Also, as nodes leave the network, the mesh topology allows the nodes to reconfigure routing paths based on the new network structure. The characteristics of mesh topology and ad-hoc routing provide greater stability in changing conditions or failure at single nodes.
ZigBee Applications

ZigBee enables broad-based deployment of wireless networks with low-cost, low-power solutions. It provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive batteries for a host of monitoring and control applications. Smart energy/smart grid, AMR (Automatic Meter Reading), lighting controls, building automation systems, tank monitoring, HVAC control, medical devices and fleet applications are just some of the many spaces where ZigBee technology is making significant advancements.
Digi ZigBee Technology

Digi is a member of the ZigBee Alliance and has developed a wide range of networking solutions based on the ZigBee protocol. XBee and XBee-PRO modules and other XBee-enabled devices provide an easy-to-implement solution that provides functionality to connect to a wide variety of devices.

ZigBee protocol features include:

* Support for multiple network topologies such as point-to-point, point-to-multipoint and mesh networks
* Low duty cycle – provides long battery life
* Low latency
* Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
* Up to 65,000 nodes per network
* 128-bit AES encryption for secure data connections
* Collision avoidance, retries and acknowledgements

802.15.4 – ZigBee Physical Layer

ZigBee is a wireless technology developed as an open global standard to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless M2M networks. The ZigBee standard operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical radio specification and operates in unlicensed bands including 2.4 GHz, 900 MHz and 868 MHz.


The 802.15.4 specification upon which the ZigBee stack operates gained ratification by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2003. The specification is a packet-based radio protocol intended for low-cost, battery-operated devices. The protocol allows devices to communicate in a variety of network topologies and can have battery life lasting several years.
The ZigBee Protocol

The ZigBee protocol has been created and ratified by member companies of the ZigBee Alliance. Over 300 leading semiconductor manufacturers, technology firms, OEMs and service companies comprise the ZigBee Alliance membership. The ZigBee protocol was designed to provide an easy-to-use wireless data solution characterized by secure, reliable wireless network architectures.
The ZigBee Advantage

The ZigBee protocol is designed to communicate data through hostile RF environments that are common in commercial and industrial applications.

ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 - Typical Traffic Types Addressed

* Periodic data
* Application defined rate (e.g., sensors)
* Intermittent data
* Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g., light switch)
* Repetitive low latency data

ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 - General Characteristics:

* Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)
* Data rates of 250 kbps (@2.4 GHz), 40 kbps (@ 915 MHz), and 20 kbps (@868 MHz)
* Optimized for low duty-cycle applications (<0.1%)
* CSMA-CA channel access Yields high throughput and low latency for low duty cycle devices like sensors and controls
* Low power (battery life multi-month to years)
* Multiple topologies: star, peer-to-peer, mesh
* Addressing space of up to:
- 18,450,000,000,000,000,000 devices (64 bit IEEE address)
- 65,535 networks
* Optional guaranteed time slot for applications requiring low latency
* Fully hand-shaked protocol for transfer reliability
* Range: 50m typical (5-500m based on environment)

ZigBee The ZigBee logo

The ZigBee specification is a combination of HomeRF Lite and the 802.15.4 specification. The spec operates in the 2.4GHz (ISM) radio band - the same band as 802.11b standard, Bluetooth, microwaves and some other devices. It is capable of connecting 255 devices per network. The specification supports data transmission rates of up to 250 Kbps at a range of up to 30 meters. ZigBee's technology is slower than 802.11b (11 Mbps) and Bluetooth (1 Mbps) but it consumes significantly less power.

What is ZigBee

The mission of the ZigBee Working Group is to bring about the existence of a broad range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing open industry specifications for unlicensed, untethered peripheral, control and entertainment devices requiring the lowest cost and lowest power consumption communications between compliant devices anywhere in and around the home.

The ZigBee membership includes Philips, Honeywell and Invensys Metering Systems, and others and is responsible for defining and maintaining higher layers above the MAC. The alliance is also developing application profiles, certification programs, logos and a marketing strategy. Philips Semiconductors and other chip vendors plan to launch their first ZigBee products as early as 2003. ZigBee was formerly known as PURLnet, RF-Lite, Firefly, and HomeRF Lite.

Nintendo® Wi-Fi Connection puts you in touch with players

Nintendo® Wi-Fi Connection puts you in touch with players everywhere - from across the room to across the globe. Use Friend Codes to play online with specific people, or compete anonymously through worldwide matchmaking. With millions of people online, there's always someone ready to play!